Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)

Sublime Ottoman State

For six centuries the Ottoman state spanned three continents, from the gates of Vienna to the Persian Gulf. Defeat in WWI and Atatürk's national movement ended the sultanate in 1922; the Republic of Turkey rose in its place.

One dynasty — the House of Osman — ruled for all 623 years of the empire's existence, outlasting the Byzantines it conquered and every royal house of its era.